The lysis of Gram-positive bacteria causes them to release peptidoglycan fragments, teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, and mannose-rich glycans from their cell wall. These cell wall components, in turn, bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are specific for these cell wall components and are found on the surface of body defense cells called macrophages. This triggers the macrophages to release various defense regulatory chemicals called cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and PAF. The cytokines then bind to cytokine receptors on target cells and initiate inflammation and activate both the complement pathways and the coagulation pathway. These gram-positive cell wall components can also bind first to binding proteins circulating in the blood that subsequently carry them to CD14 molecules on the macrophages.

(TLR, toll-like receptor; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8, TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; PAF, platelet-activating factor; MAC, membrane attack complex.)